中华人民共和国枪支管理办法(附英文)
公安部
中华人民共和国枪支管理办法(附英文)
(一九八一年一月五日国务院批准)
第一条 为了维护社会治安,保障公共安全,防止犯罪分子利用枪支进行破坏活动,特制定本办法。
第二条 本办法所指的枪支(包括这些枪支所使用的弹药)是指非军事系统的下列枪支:军用的手枪、步枪、冲锋枪和机枪,射击运动用的各种枪支,狩猎用的有膛线枪、散弹枪、火药枪,麻醉动物用的注射枪,以及能发射金属弹丸的气枪。
中国人民解放军、民兵和人民武装警察部队装备的军用枪支按军队和民兵系统有关规定管理。
枪支的佩带和配置
第三条 下列人员可以佩带枪支:
(一)人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关因工作必需佩带枪支的人员;
(二)边防地区、海防地区以及省、自治区人民政府认为有佩带枪支必要的其他偏僻地区的党政负责干部;
(三)省级以上党政机关的机要交通员,边疆地区县、市党政机关和邮电部门有佩带枪支必要的机要通信人员;
(四)海关因工作必需佩带枪支的人员;
(五)军工工厂的警卫押运人员。
第四条 下列单位可以配置公用枪支:
(一)有配枪必要的厂矿、企业、机关、学校、科研等单位的保卫部门;
(二)有配枪必要的重要财政金融单位和地处偏僻不设武装看守的重要仓库、电台、科研单位;
(三)在偏僻地区和海上作业有配枪必要的地质勘探队、测绘队;
(四)航行沿海和远洋的客、货、油轮及其他海上作业的工作船;
(五)有配枪必要的民航机场和民航飞机。
第五条 开展射击运动的县以上体育运动委员会,可以配置射击运动枪支。
第六条 专业狩猎生产的人员和单位,可以佩带和配置猎枪。非专业狩猎人员持有猎枪的,限十八岁以上公民,每人不得超过两支。
第七条 狩猎生产和科研教学单位、野生动物饲养和畜牧业单位、兽医院需对动物进行麻醉注射的,可以配置注射枪。
第八条 电影制片厂因拍摄电影需要,可以购置已经淘汰的旧式枪支作道具使用。但除少量效果枪外,其他枪支机件必须进行技术处理,使其不再能用以实弹射击。
枪支的制造和购买
第九条 各种枪支,除国家指定的工厂制造和修理外,任何单位和个人,不准私自制造、修理或装配。
第十条 各单位购买军用枪支,应当将购买枪支的种类、数量、用途、佩带和配置范围报经当地公安机关同意后,向国家指定的机关申请价拨。
购买各种射击运动枪支,需经上一级体育运动委员会批准和所在地县、市公安局同意,发给购买证,凭证向国家指定的单位购买。
购买猎枪和注射枪,需经县以上林业部门批准和公安机关同意,发给购买证,凭证向国家指定的单位购买。经销猎枪的商店,需在县、市以上公安机关注册。
除国家指定或经主管部门批准的单位外,任何单位和个人不得买卖枪支、弹药。
枪支的管理
第十一条 持枪人员,必须经本单位负责人同意,报县以上主管部门批准。持枪单位,必须经县以上人民政府批准。
任何单位和个人,未经法定手续批准,不得私自保存枪支、弹药。对于未经批准持有的枪支、弹药,必须送交当地公安机关,不得擅自处理。
第十二条 持枪人员和持枪单位,必须向所在地县、市公安局申领持枪证。经县、市公安局审核,发给持枪证。
持枪人员携带枪支外出,必须随身携带持枪证备查。因公携带公用枪支到本县、市以外地区的,必须向所在地县、市公安局申领持枪通行证。
第十三条 展览馆、博物馆等单位保存的有历史意义的枪支,必须向所在地县、市公安局登记,不准挪作他用。
第十四条 严禁在城市、集镇、居民点、风景游览区、机场、交通沿线以及其他规定不准鸣枪的地区任意呜枪。非狩猎区禁止鸣枪打猎。
第十五条 在某些特定的地区和场所,不准携带枪支时,持枪人员应当将所带枪支交公安机关或指定单位保存,离去时发还。
第十六条 各种枪支均须妥善保管,确保安全。集体持有的,应当指定专人负责,专库(柜)保存,枪支、弹药分别存放,严防丢失、被盗和发生其他事故。
枪支丢失、被盗,必须立即报告公安机关,并保护现场。
第十七条 持枪单位和持枪人员不准私自将枪支、弹药赠送、转借他人。持枪单位撤销或持枪人员工作调动时,应当将枪支交还发枪单位,并将持枪证交回原发证公安机关注销。
持有猎枪的人,迁离原住地县、市时,应当向原发证公安机关缴销持枪证,换领携运证。到达目的地后,凭携运证向当地公安机关办理新的持枪证。
第十八条 运输枪支、弹药,必须事先向运往地的县、市公安局申领运输证。运到目的地后,凭证向当地公安机关登记备案或申领持枪证。
第十九条 从国外携带猎枪入境,必须事先经常住地县、市公安局批准。入境时,向海关申报,由边防检查站审核发给携运证。到达目的地后,向当地公安机关换领持枪证。
携带猎枪出境,需向原发证公安机关缴销持枪证,换领携运证。出境时,向海关申报,将携运证交出境地边防检查站。
第二十条 各单位对不堪使用的报废枪支,要登记造册,报省、自治区,直辖市主管部门领导批准,向所在地县、市公安局送验登记清册,并作彻底毁型处理后,由销毁单位派人监督,在省、自治区、直辖市公安厅、局指定的冶金工厂回炉销毁。
第二十一条 对发射金属弹丸的气枪,体育部门用于射击运动的,按射击运动枪支管理;狩猎单位用于狩猎的,按猎枪管理。个人购买和持有发射金属弹丸的气枪,也要登记管理,具体办法由省、自冶区、直辖市公安厅、局制定。
第二十二条 持枪证,持枪通行证,射击运动枪、猎枪、注射枪购买证,枪支弹药运输证、携运证由公安部统一制定,省、自治区、直辖市公安厅、局统一印制,县、市公安局签发。
第二十三条 各级公安机关对本地区非军事系统枪支的佩带、使用、保管、变动等情况,实施监督,并定期进行检查。
外国人的枪支管理
第二十四条 外国驻华外交代表机关、领事机关及其人员携带枪支来华,必须事先向中华人民共和国外交部提出申请,经同意后,入境时向海关申报,由边防检查站审核发给携运证。到达目的地后,向驻在地的市公安局申报,办理枪支登记。
外国驻华外交代表机关、领事机关及其人员所有的枪支,除猎枪可在狩猎场所使用外,一律不得携出各该国驻华外交代表机关、领事机关。
外国驻华外交代表机关、领事机关及其人员携带枪支出境,应当照会中华人民共和国外交部,向驻在地的市公安局注销,申领携运证。出境时,向海关申报,将携运证交出境地边防检查站。
第二十五条 外国党、政、军、议会代表团成员及其警卫人员携带枪支来华,必须事先向中华人民共和国外交部或接待单位申报同意,由接待单位通知边防检查站,并向公安部备案。
第二十六条 外国体育代表队携带射击运动枪支,前来我国参加射击运动比赛活动,必须事先经中华人民共和国体育运动委员会批准。入境时,向海关申报,由边防检查站审核发给携运证。到达比赛地后,向当地县、市公安局登记备案,离开时注销。途经我国的,必须事先经中华人民共和国体育运动委员会批准,由中华人民共和国体育运动委员会通报边防检查机关,由入境地边防检查站将所带枪支加封过境。
第二十七条 外国民航飞机和外国籍船舶上携带的枪支、弹药,在飞机、船舶进入我国口岸时,由边防检查站予以封存,出境时启封。
第二十八条 本办法第二十四条、第二十五条、第二十六条规定以外的其他来华的外国人,除经中华人民共和国国家主管部门和目的地省、自治区、直辖市公安厅、局批准的以外,一律不准携带枪支、弹药入境。凡携带枪支、弹药的,在入境时必须向海关申报,由边防检查站暂时封存在口岸,出境时发还本人,或由携带人退运出境。经批准携带枪支、弹药入出境的,按本办法第十九条的规定办理手续。过境的必须向海关申报,由边防检查站审核加封过境。凡未向海关申报的,一律按非法运输枪支、弹药处理。
第二十九条 外国人在华购买猎枪,需经省、自治区、直辖市外事部门或接待单位同意并出具证明,向购买地的县、市公安局申领购买证,经批准后,到指定的商店凭证购买。
处罚
第三十条 凡违反本办法的,对主管负责人和直接责任人要视其情节轻重,分别给予纪律处分、治安管理处罚,直至依照法律追究刑事责任。
其他
第三十一条 各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府和国务院各有关部、委可根据本办法,制定具体管理规定,报公安部备案。
第三十二条 本办法经国务院批准后,由公安部发布施行。一九五一年六月二十七日政务院批准、公安部发布施行的《枪支管理暂行办法》同时废止。
MEASURES OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR THE CONTROL OFFIREARMS
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
MEASURES OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR THE CONTROL OF
FIREARMS
(Approved by the State Council on January 5, 1981, and promulgated
by the Ministry of Public Security on April 25, 1981)
Article 1
These Measures are formulated to maintain public order, to safeguard
public security, and to prevent criminals from using firearms to commit
sabotage.
Article 2
The term firearms (including the ammunition used with these firearms), as
mentioned in these Measures, refers to the following firearms which belong
to the non-military system: pistols, rifles, and submachine guns and
machine guns for military use; various firearms for target shooting
sports; rifles, shot-gun, and powder-gun for hunting; injection-gun for
applying anesthesia on animals; and air-guns for discharging pellets. The
military firearms used for fitting out the People's Liberation Army, the
militia and the People's Armed Police Force shall be controlled in
accordance with the pertinent provisions of the army and militia system.
Carrying and Allocation of Firearms
Article 3
The following personnel may carry firearms:
(1) personnel working in the people's courts, the people's procuratorates,
and the public security organs who are required to carry firearms for
discharging their duties;
(2) party and government leading cadres working in the border areas,
coastal defence areas, and other remote areas who have the necessity, as
deemed by the people's governments of the provinces and autonomous
regions, to carry firearms;
(3) confidential couriers working in the Party and government departments
at or above the provincial level, and confidential messengers working in
the county or municipal Party and government departments in the border
areas or in post and telecommunications departments who have the necessity
to carry firearms;
(4) personnel working in the Customs who are required to carry firearms to
discharge their duties;
(5) guards and transport escorts working in war industries.
Article 4
Firearms for official use may be allocated to the following units:
(1) the security sections of factories and mines, enterprises, government
departments, schools and universities, research institutions, that have
the necessity to be fitted out with firearms;
(2) important financial and banking units and important warehouses, radio
stations, and research institutions which are located in remote area
without armed guards that have the necessity to be fitted out with
firearms;
(3) geological prospecting teams and survey and drawing teams that work in
remote areas or at sea, that have the necessity to be fitted out with
firearms;
(4) coastal and ocean-going passenger-liners, freighters and oil tankers
and other operation vessels operating on the sea;
(5) civil airports and civil air-liners that have the necessity to be
fitted out with firearms.
Article 5
Sports guns may be allocated to sports committees at or above the county
level that promote target-shooting sports.
Article 6
Personnel and units engaged in hunting as their specialized line of
production may carry or be allocated with hunting rifles. As regards the
non-professional hunting personnel, only citizens aged eighteen or over
may keep hunting rifles, and each can keep no more than two hunting
rifles.
Article 7
Injection-guns may be allocated to such units as hunting production units,
scientific research and teaching units, wild animal breeding and livestock
farms, and veterinary hospitals that have the necessity to apply
anesthesia on animals.
Article 8
Film studios, in order to meet the needs of film production, may purchase
old and obsolete firearms as stage properties. With the exception of just
a small number of firearms used for creating special stage effects, all
firearms must undergo technical treatment so that they can no longer be
used for discharging live ammunition.
Manufacture and Purchase of Firearms
Article 9
Various kinds of firearms shall be manufactured and repaired by factories
designated by the State only; no units and individuals may manufacture,
repair or assemble firearms without authorization.
Article 10
For the purchase of military firearms, the purchasing units shall submit
to the local public security organs a report listing such details as the
categories of firearms to be purchased, their quantities, uses, and scope
of carrying and allocation. After obtaining the approval, they shall apply
to the department designated by the State for appropriations.
The purchase of various categories of firearms for target-shooting sports
shall be approved by the sports committee at a higher level and have the
consent of and the purchase permit granted by the county or municipal
bureau of public security at the place where the purchasing units are
located: only with the purchase permit may a purchasing unit make
purchases of firearms at the department designated by the State. The
purchase of hunting rifles and injection-guns shall be approved by the
competent forestry department at the county level or higher and have the
consent of and the purchase permit granted by the public security organ;
only with the purchase permit, may a purchasing unit make purchases at the
department designated by the State. The distributors of hunting rifles
shall go through the procedures of registration at the public security
organ at the county or municipal level or higher.
With the exception of the units designated by the State or approved by the
competent department, no units or individuals may sell or purchase
firearms and ammunition.
Control of Firearms
Article 11
The firearm-carrying personnel shall obtain the consent of the person in
charge of their unit, and have the approval of the competent department at
the county level or higher. The firearm-equipped unit shall obtain the
approval of the people's government at the county level or higher.
Without permission through legal procedures, no units or individuals may
keep firearms and ammunition privately. Firearms and ammunition kept
without permission shall be handed over to the local public security
organ, and shall not be disposed of privately.
Article 12
Firearm-carrying personnel and firearm-equipped units shall apply to the
local county or municipal bureau of public security for firearm licenses,
which shall be granted after examination and approval.
Firearm-carrying personnel, when going out with their firearms, shall
carry them with firearm licenses for examination. Personnel carrying
firearms for official use and who perform duties in places other than
their own county or municipality must apply to the local county or
municipal bureau of public security for firearm-carrying pass.
Article 13
Firearms which bear historic significance kept on display in exhibition
halls, museums, etc., shall be registered at the local county or municipal
bureau of public security, and shall not be used for other purposes.
Article 14
It is strictly prohibited to fire shots at will in cities, towns,
residential areas, scenic spots, airports, along communication lines, or
in any other places where shot-firing is prohibited according to
regulations. It is prohibited to fire shots and hunt in non-hunting areas.
Article 15
In some particular areas or places where firearms are banned, firearm-
carrying personnel shall leave the firearms they carry with the public
security organ or a designated unit for safe-keeping, and have them given
back when leaving.
Article 16
All categories of firearms shall be kept properly and safe. Firearms kept
collectively shall be well taken care of by persons specially designated
for the job; special warehouses (or cabinets) shall be used for keeping
the firearms, and firearms and ammunition shall be kept separately; strict
measures shall be taken against loss, theft or other accidents. In case
that firearms are lost or stolen, it must be reported immediately to the
public security organ, and the scene of the incident shall be kept intact.
Article 17
Firearm-equipped units and firearm-carrying personnel are not permitted,
without official approval, to lend out their firearms and ammunition or
give them to others as gifts. In the event that a firearm-equipped unit
has been disbanded or a firearm-carrying person been transferred to a new
unit, the unit or the person shall return the firearms to the original
firearm-allocating unit, and return the firearm licence(s) to the original
licence-issuing public security organ for cancellation. Persons who hold
hunting rifles shall, upon moving away from the county or city of their
original residence, return for cancellation their firearm licences to the
original licence-issuing public security organ and obtain firearm-
transport passes. On their arrival at their destinations, they shall
present the firearm-transport passes to the local security organ and go
through the procedures for obtaining new firearm licences.
Article 18
To transport firearms and ammunition, it is imperative to apply to the
county or municipal bureau of public security stationed at the destination
of transportation for a transport pass. Upon arrival at the destination,
the applicant shall present the transport pass to the local public
security organ and go through the procedures for registration or for
obtaining a new firearm licence.
Article 19
To carry hunting rifles into the country from abroad, it is imperative to
obtain, in advance, the approval of the county or municipal bureau of
public security stationed in the locality of the applicant's residence.
Upon entering the country, the applicant shall declare at the Customs, and
a carrying-transport permit shall be issued after examination and approval
by the border inspection office. Upon arrival at the destination, the
applicant shall go through the procedures for obtaining a firearm licence
by presenting the carrying-transport permit.
To carry hunting rifles out of the country, it is imperative to return for
cancellation the firearm licence to the original licence-issuing public
security organ for a carrying-transport permit. On exit, the applicant
shall declare at the Customs, and surrender the carrying-transport permit
to the local border inspection office.
Article 20
Firearms that have fallen into disuse shall be registered by the firearm-
holding units in detailed lists, which shall be submitted for approval to
the competent departments of the province, autonomous region, or
municipality directly under the Central Government, and, then, again to
the local county or municipal bureau of public security for examination;
after that, the disused firearms shall undergo a treatment of
disfigurement before they are sent, under the supervision of the unit in
charge of the destruction, to a smeltery designated by the public security
department (bureau) of the province, autonomous region, or municipality
directly under the Central Government for melting down and complete
destruction.
Article 21
Air guns that discharge metal pellets shall be controlled in accordance
with the provisions concerning the control of sports guns, when used by
sports departments in target-shooting sports, and in accordance with the
provisions concerning the control of hunting rifles when used for hunting
by hunting units. Privately purchased and held pellet-discharging air guns
are also required to go through registration procedures and to be placed
under control; and the control measures shall be formulated by the public
security department (bureau) of the province, autonomous region, or
municipality directly under the Central Government.
Article 22
Firearm licences, firearm-carrying passes, purchase permits for sports
guns, hunting rifles and injection-guns, transport passes for firearms and
ammunition, and carrying-transport permits shall all be devised solely by
the Ministry of Public Security, be printed solely by the public security
department (bureau) of the province, autonomous region, or municipality
directly under the Central Government, and be signed and issued by the
county or municipal bureau of public security.
Article 23
The public security organs at various levels shall exercise supervision
over such affairs as the carrying, use, safe-keeping, and changes of
firearms in the non-military departments of their locality, and carry out
inspection at regular intervals.
Control of Firearms of Foreigners
Article 24
Foreign diplomatic missions and consular posts in China, and their
personnel, that are to carry firearms into China shall apply in advance to
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China; after
obtaining the consent, they shall declare at the Customs on entering the
country and then be issued the carrying-transport permits by the border
inspection office after examination. Upon arrival at the destination, the
applicants shall report to the local municipal bureau of public security,
and go through the registration procedures for their firearms.
No firearms belonging to foreign diplomatic missions and consular posts in
China and to their personnel, with the exception of their shotguns which
may be used in hunting grounds, shall be carried out of the confines of
the aforesaid missions and posts. Foreign diplomatic missions and
consular posts in China and their personnel that are to carry their
firearms out of China shall send a note to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
of the People's Republic of China, and make an application to the
municipal bureau of public security at the locality of their residences
for registration cancellation and for the issuance of carrying-transport
permits. On exit, they shall declare at the Customs, and submit the
carrying-transport permit to the local border inspection office.
Article 25
Members of foreign political party, government, military or parliamentary
delegations and their guards that are to carry firearms into China shall
obtain in advance the consent from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the
People's Republic of China or from the host units, which shall notify the
border inspection office and submit a report to the Ministry of Public
Security for the record.
Article 26
Foreign sports teams that come to China to take part in a shooting
tournament with their sports rifles and pistols shall obtain in advance
the approval by the Physical Culture and Sports Commission of the People's
Republic of China. On entering the country, they shall declare at the
Customs, and then the border inspection office shall issue them the
carrying-transport permits after examination. On arrival at the locality
of the tournament, they shall go through the registration procedures for
the record at the local county or municipal bureau of public security, and
cancel the registration before leaving. Foreign sports teams that travel
via China shall obtain in advance the approval of the Physical Culture and
Sports Commission of the People's Republic of China, which shall notify
the border inspection authorities, and the inspection office at the entry
point shall put paper slip seals on the firearms and permit them to pass
through the country.
Article 27
Firearms and ammunition on board foreign civil air-liners or vessels
registered in foreign countries, shall be sealed up by the border
inspection office when the air-liners and vessels enter a port of China,
and unsealed when the air-liners and vessels leave the country.
Article 28
Apart from those who come to China as stipulated in Articles 24, 25 and 26
of these Measures, no foreigners are permitted to carry firearms and
ammunition into the territory, unless approved by the competent
departments of the People's Republic of China and by the public security
department (bureau) of the province, autonomous region, and municipality
directly under the Central Government at the places of their destination.
Those who carry firearms and ammunition with them must, on entering the
territory, declare at the Customs, and the border inspection office shall
temporarily seal up the firearms and ammunition for safekeeping at the
entry port, and give them back when the owners leave the country; or the
firearms and ammunition shall be retransported out of the territory by the
original carriers. Those who have obtained the approval to carry firearms
and ammunition into or out of the territory shall go through the
procedures in accordance with the stipulations of Article 19 of these
Measures. Those in transit shall declare at the Customs, and the border
inspection office shall seal the firearms up after examination, and permit
them to pass through the country. Those who fail to declare at the
Customs shall be dealt with, without exception, as cases of illegal
transport of firearms and ammunition.
Article 29
Foreigners who wish to buy hunting rifles in China, shall obtain the
approval of and certificates from the foreign affairs office of the
province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central
Government, or the host unit. They shall then apply to the local county
and municipal bureau of public security for purchase permits and make
their purchases at designated stores after approval.
Penalties
Article 30
The chief person-in-charge and the direct offender, who are held
responsible for the violation of these Measures, shall receive penalties
ranging from disciplinary sanction, punishment in accordance with the
regulations on the maintenance of public order, to an investigation by the
judicial organ of the criminal responsibilities of the offender, depending
on the seriousness of the case.
Miscellaneous
Article 31
The people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the Central Government and the various
ministries and commissions under the State Council may, in accordance with
these Measures, formulate specific provisions for the control of firearms,
and report thereon to the Ministry of Public Security for the record.
Article 32
These Measures shall go into effect after the approval by the State
Council and the promulgation by the Ministry of Public Security. The
Interim Measures Concerning the Control of Firearms, approved by the
Government Administration Council and promulgated by the Ministry of
Public Security on June 27, 1951, shall be abrogated at the same time.
关于印发《保险机构债券投资信用评级指引(试行)》的通知
中国保险监督管理委员会
关于印发《保险机构债券投资信用评级指引(试行)》的通知
各保险公司,各保险资产管理公司:
为加强债券投资信用风险管理,建立保险机构内部信用评级系统,规范信用评级程序和方法,我会制定了《保险机构债券投资信用评级指引(试行)》(以下简称指引)。现印发给你们,并将有关要求通知如下:
一、各公司应高度重视信用风险管理,按照《指引》有关要求,建立和完善内部信用评级制度。
二、各公司应严格执行信用评级制度,规范操作流程,保监会将对各保险机构信用评级系统的建设和执行情况进行检查。
三、各公司应加强信用风险研究,通过信用评级,进行持续跟踪分析评估,切实防范信用风险。
请认真遵照执行。
附件:保险机构债券投资信用评级指引(试行)
二○○七年一月八日
保险机构债券投资信用评级指引(试行)
第一章 总则
第一条 为加强债券投资信用风险管理,建立保险机构内部信用评级系统(以下简称信用评级系统),规范评级程序和方法,根据有关法律法规,制定本指引。
第二条 保险机构投资各类债券,应当进行内部信用评级(以下简称信用评级)。国债、中央银行票据以及其他经中国保监会认可的债券可免予信用评级。
第三条 信用评级包括发债主体信用评级和债券信用评级。
第四条 保险机构应当根据公司发展战略,设立专门部门或岗位,配备专业管理人员,借鉴外部信用评级机构的制度和程序,建立信用评估模型,健全信用评级系统。
第五条 中国保监会根据保险机构信用评级系统建设和运作情况,实施分类监管。
第二章 制度和流程
第六条 信用评级应当遵循以下原则:
(一)真实一致原则。评级人员应当核实评级数据和资料的真实性,确保基础数据、指标口径、评级方法、评定标准的一致性;
(二)独立客观原则。评级人员应当独立、客观、公正,不受发债主体及其他外部因素的不良影响;
(三)审慎稳健原则。评级人员应当充分考虑宏观经济、特定行业和发债主体经营管理可能存在的波动,全面审慎评估发债主体经营和财务状况、债券风险收益状况以及其他风险。
第一节 管理制度
第七条 保险机构应当建立健全信用评级管理制度,及时报中国保监会备案。信用评级管理制度主要包括:
(一)信用评级议事规则和程序规定;
(二)信用评级方法细则;
(三)信用评级报告准则;
(四)评级人员操作规范;
(五)尽职调查制度;
(六)跟踪评级和复评制度;
(七)防火墙制度等避免利益冲突的制度;
(八)其他制度。
第八条 信用评级部门应当至少由两名以上专业人员组成。信用评级专业人员应当具备金融知识和财务分析能力,主管人员应当具有相关工作经验。
第九条 信用评级部门或岗位应当明确工作职责,避免业务与其他部门交叉。信用评级人员不得同时从事投资交易。
第十条 信用等级评定应当采用国际国内通用的评级定义和符号体系,原则上分为投资级、投机级、违约级三个等级,每一等级分设若干档。
第十一条 信用评级部门或岗位应当规范管理和使用评级信息,逐步完善评级信息数据库,持续积累违约事件、违约率、违约回收率、信用稳定性等信息和数据,并作为经营管理资源长期保存。
第十二条 信用评级部门或岗位应当建立档案管理制度,分类整理相关原始资料、评级材料、信用评级报告等。
第二节 基本流程
第十三条 信用评级基本流程,包括信息收集、调研访谈、初步评定、提交报告、跟踪评级等内容。
第十四条 保险机构应当充分利用媒体信息和其他公开资料,广泛积累各类数据,将其作为信用评级的基础信息。
第十五条 保险机构应当主动与发债主体交流,了解其业务经营、财务计划、管理政策和其他影响信用评级的情况。必要时可根据需要,通过实地考察获取有关信息。
第十六条 信用评级人员应当严格审查所获信息,确保信息真实、准确。信息资料不完整或存在虚假陈述的,保险机构应当不予评级。
第十七条 信用评级人员应当运用科学合理的评级方法,分析研究评级对象,撰写信用评级报告,初步评定信用等级,并按规定程序审定后,形成信用评级结果,作为债券投资和风险管理的重要依据。
第十八条 信用评级报告应当逐级上报,及时提交相关部门使用。风险管理部门应当监督信用评级结果使用情况。
第十九条 保险机构应当及时跟踪债券存续期内评级变化。跟踪评级每年至少二次,应当适当提高信用级别较低的发债主体的跟踪评级频率。
发债主体出现资金链中断问题,需要滚动、重复发行债券,或者发债主体、担保人、担保物状况发生重大变化,保险机构应当及时重新评定发债主体和债券信用等级。
第二十条 保险机构应当加强债券市场研究,分析信用等级与债券价格等关联因素,发现异常情况时,及时向监管机构报告。
第三章 发债主体评级方法
第二十一条 保险机构应当建立科学指标体系,规范评级程序和方法,详尽分析影响发债主体信用评级的风险因素,评定其偿债能力和偿债意愿,确定其信用等级。
第二十二条 偿债能力评估包括个体评估和支持评估。
个体评估主要分析发债主体的外部环境、运营因素、内部风险管理和财务实力。
支持评估主要分析发债主体在宏观经济和股东单位中的地位、股东结构和政府支持程度,评估受评对象需要资金时,获得外部支持的能力。
发债主体法人机构设在其他国家或地区的,应当分析其所在国家或地区的主权风险。
第二十三条 发债主体偿债意愿评估,应当重点考察下列因素:
(一)信用记录,主要考察发债主体历史违约记录;
(二)公司治理,主要考察股东背景和构成,股东大会、董事会、监事会设立和履职情况、管理决策和执行情况、关联交易和履职监督情况、激励和约束机制等;
(三)发债主体人员素质及管理状况,主要考察法人代表素质、员工素质及管理水平等;
(四)其他因素。
第二十四条 保险机构应当考察发债主体的财务管理政策,分析其整体发展目标和资金需求,结合历史记录和业务发展情况,评估其合理性。
第二十五条 保险机构应当根据不同行业特点,建立一般财务状况评估指标体系和特殊财务指标体系。
第二十六条 保险机构应当按照可比原则,按照不同行业财务特征和风险状况,建立并调整相关行业财务评估基准,准确反映发债主体的财务状况。
第二十七条 发债主体为一般工商企业的,应当重点考察其经营风险和财务风险。发债主体为商业银行的,应当重点考察影响其信用的外部环境、运营因素、内部管理风险和财务实力等。(一般工商企业和商业银行主要评估方法参见附录)
第四章 债券信用评级方法
第二十八条 保险机构应当根据发债主体信用状况,结合债券特点和相关合同,考察债务人偿还债务的信用程度,确定其信用等级。
第二十九条 债券和相关合同评估,应当考察发债主体募集资金投向、项目现金流和综合现金流、到期偿付能力、偿付及时性等,重点关注与债券资金流向和收益相关的因素。
第三十条 保险机构确定债券信用等级,应当重点考虑债券清偿顺序。
(一)担保债券:含有抵押、质押、信用保证等增信条件,本金和利息清偿顺序先于普通债券,其信用等级可能高于发债主体信用等级。
(二)普通债券:不含任何增信条件,本金和利息清偿顺序优于次级债券和混合资本,其信用等级一般等同于发债主体信用等级。
(三)次级债券:本金和利息清偿顺序列于公司普通债务之后、优于混合资本和股权资本,其信用等级一般低于发债主体信用等级。
(四)混合资本债券:符合一定条件时,本金和利息可以延期支付,清偿顺序列于次级债券之后,优于股权资本,其信用等级一般低于发债主体信用等级,且低于次级债券信用等级。
第三十一条 第三方机构为发债主体提供全部或部分债务担保的,该债券的信用等级最高可以等同于保证方信用等级。
第三十二条 债券含有抵押、质押、信用保证等增信条件的,应当评估抵押物和质押物的市场价值、流动性、抵押和质押比例,评估担保人的信用状况、承诺条件以及偿付及时性。
第三十三条 保险机构应当根据审慎原则,对增信作用设置一定限制,控制增信债券信用等级上调级别。
第三十四条 保险机构投资企业债券和可转换公司债券,应当根据发债主体信用等级,重点关注特定债券有无担保、担保的法律效力、担保条件、不可撤销性以及担保人财务实力等。
第三十五条 保险机构投资短期融资券,应当根据发债主体信用等级,重点分析其发行期内行业走势,现金流、资产流动性对本期债券的影响,以及发债主体出现危机时,采取融资手段偿付债务的意愿、方式和能力。
(一)发行期内短期融资券走势分析,着重考察行业近期变化、发债主体近期产品结构调整、新项目投产、在建项目建设等因素,分析发债主体新近发生的股权变动、组织构架、管理模式、高管人员、资产并购和出售等变化,对经营的影响等。
(二)现金流分析,着重考察发债主体未来1至2年现金流预测的依据;根据未来两年收入、成本变化及投融资计划,预测未来1至2年的现金流;分析对不利经济环境下,发债主体未来1至2年经济活动现金流的敏感性等。
(三)资产流动性分析,着重考察发债主体资产结构、流动资产机构、资产周转情况以及应收款项、存货等资产的变现能力等。
第五章 信用评级报告
第三十六条 评级人员撰写信用评级报告,应当包括评级分析和评级结论。
第三十七条 评级分析应当简要说明本次评级的评估过程和影响因素。主要包括发债主体基本情况、所处行业、治理结构、业务分析、资本实力、财务状况、风险因素、募集资金投向、偿债保障能力、抗御风险能力、发债主体外部信用增级措施、债券合同条款、第三方潜在支持程度、债券收益率或风险溢价等对信用等级影响。
第三十八条 评级结论应当写明信用级别释义、评级结论的主要依据、发债主体或债券的信用等级等,并简要说明评级对象的风险程度。
第三十九条 信用跟踪评级报告应当与前次评级报告保持连贯,重点说明以下内容:
(一)据以确定发债主体及债券信用等级的有关依据的主要变化情况,以及对评估对象信用状况的影响;
(二)重新确定发债主体和债券的信用等级。
第四十条 信用评级、跟踪评级报告应当注明报告日期。
第六章 附则
第四十一条 保险机构应当参照本指引,制定其他发债主体和债权类投资工具的信用评级制度、程序和方法,并报中国保监会备案。
第四十二条 本指引由中国保监会负责解释,自发布之日起实施。
附录:
一般工商企业和商业银行主要评级方法
一般工商企业主要评级方法
一、一般工商企业个体评估要素,主要包括经营风险和财务风险。
(一)经营风险主要考察宏观环境、行业状况、周边经济环境、管理层素质,受评对象经营情况。宏观环境包括经济环境、产业政策、法律制度等。行业状况包括行业特征、竞争状况、生命周期等。管理层素质包括历史业绩、经营战略、财务政策、经营效率、竞争地位等。
(二)财务风险主要考察财务报告质量、盈利能力、偿债能力、资本结构、财务弹性。财务报告质量包括会计政策、数据真实性、信息披露、注册会计师意见等。
二、一般工商企业基本财务指标,主要包括盈利能力、运营效率、资本结构、现金流状况、流动性、付息水平等。
(一)盈利能力指标主要包括:
1、主营业务利润率 = 主营业务利润/主营业务收入
2、销售净利率 = 净利润/主营业务收入
3、净资产收益率 = 净利润/平均净资产
4、资产收益率 = 净利润/平均总资产,或者资产收益率 =(利润总额+利息支出)/平均总资产
5、资本回报率 = (利润总额+利息支出)/平均总资本。其中,资本 = 少数股东权益+所有者权益+短期借款+一年内到期的长期负债+长期借款+应付债券。
(二)运营效率指标主要包括:
1、总资产周转率 = 主营业务收入/平均总资产
2、固定资产周转率 = 主营业务收入/平均固定资产
3、应收账款周转率 = 主营业务收入/平均应收账款
4、存货周转率 = 主营业务成本/平均存货
(三)资本结构指标主要包括:
1、资产负债率 = 负债总额/总资产
2、总付息债务 /资本。其中:总付息债务=短期付息债务+长期付息债务;短期付息债务=短期借款+一年内到期的长期负债;长期付息债务=长期借款+应付债券。
3、长期付息债务/总付息债务
4、流动资产/资产
5、固定资产/资产
(四)现金流指标主要包括:
1、现金负债总额比 = 经营性现金流量净额/负债总额
2、现金流动负债比 = 经营性现金流量净额/流动负债
3、经营性现金流量净额/总付息债务
4、经营性现金流量净额/短期付息债务
5、经营性现金流量净额/购建固定资产等长期资产所支付的现金
(五)流动性指标主要包括:
1、流动比率 = 流动资产/流动负债
2、速动比率 = (流动资产- 存货等)/流动负债
3、货币资金/短期付息债务
(六)付息能力指标主要包括:
1、息税前利润利息倍数 = (利润总额+利息支出)/利息支出
2、EBITDA利息倍数=(利润总额+利息支出+折旧+摊销)/利息支出
3、现金利息倍数 = 经营性现金流量净额/利息支出
三、工商企业盈利能力评估,应当分析发债主体收入、利润的来源和构成,考察各类资产减值准备计提情况,分析其对未来盈利的影响。
四、盈利能力指标评估,应当剔除非经常性损益项目,确保盈利指标真正体现发债主体核心盈利能力。
五、工商企业资本结构评估,应当分析负债水平与结构,负债结构与资产结构匹配状况,考察存货和应收账款规模以及对发债主体营运资金的影响,分析或有负债情况,综合评价发行人的债务管理能力。
商业银行主要评级方法
一、商业银行个体评估要素,主要包括影响银行信用质量的外部环境、运营因素、内部管理风险和财务实力等。
(一)银行外部环境评估,主要考察经济环境、监管环境和行业环境,掌握银行业和受评银行的利润波动与风险状况。经济环境包括经济周期、产业政策、地区经济状况等。监管环境包括货币政策、利率政策、外汇政策、监管政策等。行业环境包括行业特征、竞争环境等。
(二)银行运营因素评估,主要考察公司治理、管理战略、竞争地位等,评估受评银行内部运营状况及其信用质量。公司治理包括基本结构、决策机制、执行机制、监督机制、激励约束机制等。管理战略包括管理层素质、风险偏好等。
(三)银行管理风险评估,主要考察受评银行信用风险、市场风险、流动性风险、经营决策风险、操作风险等管理能力,评估受评银行安全性等。
(四)银行财务实力评估,主要考察受评银行盈利能力、资产质量、资产流动性及资本充足性等。
二、商业银行基本财务指标,主要包括资产和存贷款规模、盈利能力、流动性、资产质量、资本充足性等。
(一)盈利能力指标主要包括:
1、净资产收益率 = 净利润/平均净资产
2、拨备前资产收益率 = 拨备前净营业利润/平均总资产
3、资产收益率 = 净利润/平均总资产
4、资产费用率 = 营业费用/平均总资产。其中,拨备前净营业利润=营业收入-营业支出-营业费用+投资净收益-营业税金及附加。
(二)流动性指标主要包括:
1、流动比率= 流动资产/流动负债
2、超额准备金率 = (在中国人民银行超额备付金存款+库存现金)/各项存款余额
3、存贷款比例 = 各项贷款余额(不含贴现)/各项存款余额
4、中长期贷款比率 = 中长期贷款余额/中长期存款余额
5、净拆借资金比率=(拆入资金余额-拆出资金余额)/各项存款余额
6、关联方贷款比率=全部关联方贷款余额/(资本-扣除项)
(三)资产质量指标主要包括:
1、不良贷款率 =(次级类贷款+可疑类贷款+损失类贷款)/贷款余额
2、拨备覆盖率 =(一般准备+专项准备+特种准备)/(次级类贷款+可疑类贷款+损失类贷款)
3、最大单一客户贷款比例=最大一家客户贷款余额/(资本-扣除项)
4、最大十家客户贷款比例=最大十家客户贷款余额/(资本-扣除项)
5、非信贷资产损失率=非信贷资产损失额/非信贷资产余额
(四)资本充足性指标主要包括:
1、资本充足率 = (资本-扣除项)/(风险加权资产+12.5倍的市场风险资本)
2、核心资本充足率 = (核心资本-核心资本扣除项)/(风险加权资产+12.5倍的市场风险资本)
3、资本资产比例 = 净资产/总资产
三、商业银行盈利能力评估,应当分析银行成本费用、收入、利润构成及来源,考察银行提取贷款损失准备和非信贷资产损失准备情况,以及对银行盈利状况的影响。
四、商业银行流动性评估,应当分析银行资金来源构成、稳定性和资产负债匹配程度,考察银行在流动性不足时,从外部获取资金的能力以及监管政策。
五、商业银行资产质量评估,应当分析贷款行业、地区分布和集中风险,研究不良贷款规模、不良贷款率变动趋势,考察银行信贷风险管理程序和有效性、非信贷资产风险管理制度和执行情况。
六、银行资本充足性评估,应当分析银行资本构成的稳定性、流动性、市场价值、资产质量以及对资本的影响,考察银行内部和外部增加资本的能力、银行资本管理政策和利润分配政策的稳健性。